1. What is Solar Panel Output Voltage?

The solar panel output voltage is the actual voltage produced when the panel is under load. It's lower than the open-circuit voltage (V_oc) due to internal series resistance (R_s).

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the solar panel output voltage equation:

Where:

• \( V \) — Output voltage (V)
• \( V_{oc} \) — Open circuit voltage (V)
• \( I \) — Current (A)
• \( R_s \) — Series resistance (Ω)

Explanation: The equation accounts for voltage drop across the panel's internal resistance when current flows.

3. Importance of Voltage Calculation

Details: Accurate voltage calculation is crucial for system design, ensuring proper matching with charge controllers and batteries.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter open-circuit voltage in volts, current in amps, and series resistance in ohms. All values must be valid (V_oc > 0, I ≥ 0, R_s ≥ 0).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is open-circuit voltage (V_oc)?
A: The maximum voltage a solar panel produces when not connected to any load (zero current condition).

Q2: How do I measure series resistance?
A: Typically provided in panel specifications, or can be calculated from IV curve measurements.

Q3: Does temperature affect output voltage?
A: Yes, voltage decreases with increasing temperature (negative temperature coefficient).

Q4: What is typical series resistance for solar panels?
A: Usually in the range of 0.1-1.0 Ω for standard panels, but varies by size and technology.

Q5: How does shading affect output voltage?
A: Partial shading reduces current output but may not significantly affect voltage unless severe.